How E Commerce Has Impacted The Behavior Of People

During the last decades the world has seen an unprecedented considerable growth in information and communication technology, in fact thanks to internet, most of the countries in the world are linked together via satellite and servers networks, and it keeps growing at an exponential rate. This revolutionary change has impacted the behavior of people in doing business and which had risen e-commerce. According to Laudon and Traver e-commerce is the use of internet, the web and different application to conduct digitally enabled transaction between businesses and individuals. In e-commerce it’s mandatory that these transaction involve an exchange of value across the part in concern in return for a service or a good. E-commerce have significantly transformed commerce, in deed beforehand, commerce involved that sale and purchase of good and service using traditional marketing tools, marketers were influencing consumer behavior via advertising. Consumers were unable to have an accurate and symmetric information about the price, the quality, the cost of the product that they were buying, as a result, seller s were taking advantage of information asymmetry to raise their profit. Whereas, e-commerce has brought up a significant reduction in information asymmetry between market forces and allowed markets to get closer to perfect market competition. However, e-commerce allows sel lers to collect more precise information about consumer behavior and preferences which has given them theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Managerial Accounting Essay1863 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Technological advances have dramatically changed many aspects within organizations and influenced how they operate today. In particular, technology has modernized accounting information in the way that it stored, shared and transmitted. 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The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] â€Æ' Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction to E-Business and E-Commerce 3 1.1.1 Understanding the Various Terms 3 1.1.2 E-Commerce and E-Business 4 1.2 E-Business Infrastructure 5Read MoreThe Impact Of Electronic Commerce On The Development Of Electronic- Commerce3784 Words   |  16 Pagestechnology and communicative devices, electronic commerce and digital markets has steadily impacted the expansion of information systems, organizations, and society, on a global scale. The discussion of cultural differences as it relates to electronic commerce was identified while analyzing primary factors that markets should take into account. The characteristics and trends of each country examine the utilization of the Internet and electronic commerce. With attempts to compare the United States and

One-Dimensional Man - 1360 Words

The introduction of Herbert Marcuse’s book, â€Å"One-dimensional Man,† shows us the problem that a democratic society creates. Though this book was written back in 1964, many can agree that what he says is true in today’s society. Different scenarios are also brought up to show us how things will be affected due to the advancements of technology. Marcuse wants us to see what will happen and what has happened to society through a series of changes. Marcuse talked a lot about the necessities and luxuries of life. He called these the â€Å"true needs† and the â€Å"repressive needs.† He makes it a point to show us that the changes in society cause us to think differently. Most people are beginning to mistaken the â€Å"true needs† with the â€Å"repressive needs.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦By this he wants us to realize that humans will soon be replaced by technology. There would be no need for people to be around factories anymore because everything can be done much faster and much more efficient with machines. This is the type of society that we are heading into. This is all due to the people that own these factories. The uses of machines have proven to be much more efficient and much more productive. Humans just can’t perform certain tasks that are needed to mass produce products. They just may be able to but the quality of the work wouldn’t compare to that of a machine’s wo rk. â€Å"Today political power asserts itself through its power over machine process and over the technical organization†¦.† (3). We can all agree that this statement still holds true today. The executive decisions, which are made in today’s society, are all made by those who own major companies or corporations. They have the most power because they have the most money. Their factories are mainly machines that create their product. Though they still require some manpower to run their system, they mainly rely on their machines, These select few people utilize the full potential use of technical, scientific and mechanical productivity (3). Marcuse makes a good point in saying â€Å"†¦ economic freedom would mean freedom from the economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (4). Those who have utilized the full potential ofShow MoreRelatedThe Century Of The Self888 Words   |  4 Pagesmore free conditions, and then the different kinds of limitation will be more. The society has created one-dimensional man of only material life, without the spiritual life and no creative. He tried to establish a rational civilization â€Å"sublimation†. Marcuse accused the popularization and commercialization of art as a repressive social tool, and lead to people and culture become one-dimensional. Sublimation is a displacement of desire that serves a higher purpose. 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DRINKING Essay Example For Students

DRINKING Essay Despite a minimum legal drinking age of 21, many young people in the United States consume alcohol. Some abuse alcohol by drinking frequently or by binge drinkingoften defined as having five or more drinks* in a row. A minority of youth may meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for alcohol dependence (1,2). The progression of drinking from use to abuse to dependence is associated with biological and psychosocial factors. This Alcohol Alert examines some of these factors that put youth at risk for drinking and for alcohol-related problems and considers some of the consequences of their drinking. For many people, the facts about alcoholism are not clear. What is alcoholism, exactly? How does it differ from alcohol abuse? When should a person seek help for a problem related to his or her drinking? The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has prepared this booklet to help individuals and families answer thes e and other common questions about alcohol problems. The information below will explain alcoholism and alcohol abuse, symptoms of each, when and where to seek help, treatment choices, and additional helpful resources. For most people, alcohol is a pleasant accompaniment to social activities. Moderate alcohol useup to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women and older people (A standard drink is one 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits) is not harmful for most adults. Nonetheless, a substantial number of people have serious trouble with their drinking. Currently, nearly 14 million Americans1 in every 13 adultsabuse alcohol or are alcoholic. Several million more adults engage in risky drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. In addition, approximately 53 percent of men and women in the United States report that one or more of their close relatives have a drinking problem. The consequences of alcohol misuse are seriousin many cases, life-threatening. Heavy drinking can increase the risk for certain cancers, especially those of the liver, esophagus, throat, and larynx (voice box). It can also cau se liver cirrhosis, immune system problems, brain damage, and harm to the fetus during pregnancy. In addition, drinking increases the risk of death from automobile crashes, recreational accidents, and on-the-job accidents and also increases the likelihood of homicide and suicide. In purely economic terms, alcohol-use problems cost society approximately $100 billion per year. In human terms, the costs are incalculable. Alcoholism, which is also known as alcohol dependence syndrome, is a disease that is characterized by the following elements: ? Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. ? Loss of control: The frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun. ? Physical dependence: The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking. These symptoms are usually relieved by drinking alcohol or by taking another sedative drug. ? Tolerance: The need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to get high. Alcoholism has little to do with what kind of alcohol one drinks, how long one has been drinking, or even exactly how much alcohol one consumes. But it has a great deal to do with a persons uncontrollable need for alcohol. This description of alcoholism helps us understand why most alcoholics cant just use a little willpower to stop drinking. He or she is frequently in the grip of a powerfu l craving for alcohol, a need that can feel as strong as the need for food or water. While some people are able to recover without help, the majority of alcoholic individuals need outside assistance to recover from their disease. With support and treatment, many individuals are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives. Many people wonder: Why can some individuals use alcohol without problems, while others are utterly unable to control their drinking? Recent research supported by NIAAA has demonstrated that for many people, a vulnerability to alcoholism is inherited. Yet it is important to recognize that aspects of a persons environment, such as peer influences and the availability of alcohol, also are significant influences. Both inherited and environmental influences are called risk factors. But risk is not destiny. Just because alcoholism tends to run in families doesnt mean that a child of an alcoholic parent will automatically develop alcoholism. .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .postImageUrl , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:visited , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:active { border:0!important; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:active , .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540 .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7125f8bbc632171c018b665d65613540:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Biggers: The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art EssayAlcohol abuse differs from alcoholism in that it does not include an extremely strong craving for alcohol, loss of control, or physical dependence. In addition, alcohol abuse is less likely than alcoholism to include tolerance (the need for increasing amounts of alcohol to get high). Alcohol abuse is defined as a pattern of drinking that is accompanied by one or more of the following situations within a 12-month period: ? Failure to fulfill major work, school, or home responsibilities; ? Drinking in situations that are physically dangerous, such as while driving a car or operating machi nery; ? Recurring alcohol-related legal problems, such as being arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or for physically hurting someone while drunk; ? Continued drinking despite having ongoing relationship problems that are caused or worsened by the effects of alcohol. While alcohol abuse is basically different from alcoholism, it is important to note that many effects of alcohol abuse are also experienced by alcoholics. How can you tell whether you, or someone close to you, may have a drinking problem? Answering the following four questions can help you find out. (To help remember these questions, note that the first letter of a key word in each of the four questions spells CAGE.) ? Have you ever felt you should Cut down on your drinking? ? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? ? Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? ? Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (Eye opener)? One yes response suggests a possible alcohol problem. If you responded yes to more than one question, it is highly likely that a problem exists. In either case, it is important that you see your doctor or other health care provider right away to discuss your responses to these questions. He or she can help you determine whether you have a drinking problem and, if so, recommend the best course of action for you. Even if you answered no to all of the above questions, if you are encountering drinking-related problems with your job, relationships, health, or with the law, you should still seek professional help. The effects of alcohol abuse can be extremely seriouseven fatalboth to you and to others. Acknowledging that help is needed for an alcohol problem may not be easy. But keep in mind that the sooner a person gets help, the better are his or her chances for a successful recovery. Any reluctance you may feel about discussing your drinking with your health care professional may stem from common misconceptions about alcoholism and alcoholic people. In our society, the myth prevails that an alcohol problem is somehow a sign of moral weakness. As a result, you may feel that to seek help is to admit some type of shameful defect in yourself. In fact, however, alcoholism is a disease that is no more a sign of weakness than is asthma or diabetes. Moreover, taking steps to identify a possible drinking problem has an enormous payoffa chance for a healthier, more rewarding life. When you visit your health care provider, he or she will ask you a number of questions about your alcohol use to determine whether you are experiencing problems related to your drinking. Try to answer these ques tions as fully and honestly as you can. You also will be given a physical examination. If your health care professional concludes that you may be dependent on alcohol, he or she may recommend that you see a specalist in diagnosing and treating alcoholism. You should be involved in making referral decisions and have all treatment choices explained to you. The nature of treatment depends on the severity of an individuals alcoholism and the resources that are available in his or her community. Treatment may include detoxification (the process of safely getting alcohol out of ones system); taking doctor-prescribed medications, such as disulfiram (Antabuse) or naltrexone (ReViaTM), to help prevent a return to drinking once drinking has stopped; and individual and/or group counseling. There are promising types of counseling that teach recovering alcoholics to identify situations and feelings that trigger the urge to drink and to find new ways to cope that do not include alcohol use. Any of these treatments may be provided in a hospital or residential treatment setting or on an outpatient basis. Because the involvement of family members is important to the recovery process, many programs also offer brief marital counseling and family therapy as part of the treatment process. Some programs also link up individuals with vital community resour ces, such as legal assistance, job training, child care, and parenting classes. Virtually all alcoholism treatment programs also include meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which describes itself as a worldwide fellowship of men and women who help each other to stay sober. While AA is generally recognized as an effective mutual help program for recovering alcoholics, not everyone responds to AAs style and message, and other recovery approaches are available. Even those who are helped by AA usually find that AA works best in combination with other elements of treatment, including counseling and medical care. Bibliography:

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essay Example

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essay Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown water sample Modified 9/2012 Objective: The most common multivalent metal ions in natural waters are Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this experiment, you will find the total concentration of calcium ions that can react with EDTA with the assumptions that EDTA reacts 1:1 with metal (Ca2+) ions. Equipment 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask (3) 50-mL Buret Ring-stand and hardware Desiccator 400-mL Beaker 500-mL Vol. flask 250-mL Vol. flask 1. 0-mL Vol Pipette 100-mL Grad cylinder Hot plate Safety and Waste Disposal Chemicals Buffer (pH 10): Add 142 mL of 28 wt % aqueous NH3 to 17. 5 g of NH4Cl and dilute to 250 mL with water. Eriochrome black T indicator: Dissolve 0. 2 g of the solid indicator in 15 mL of triethanolamine plus 5 mL of absolute ethanol. 50 wt % NaOH: Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 100 g of H2O in a 250-mL plastic bottle. Store tightly capped. When you remove solution with a pipet, try not to disturb the solid Na2CO3 precipitate. Discussion: Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and HCO3-. We will write a custom essay sample on Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Generally hard water arises because rainwater moves through limestone, CaCO3 underground that occurs in our area to the aquifer. This is why we measure hardness in terms of CaCO3. The concentration of the Ca2+ ions is greater than the concentration of any other metal ion in our water. The determination of water hardness is routinely used to measure the quality of water that the general public uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard since the main chemical in hard water is calcium. People regularly take calcium supplements. In fact, hard water can be a source of necessary minerals (calcium and magnesium) that is necessary for good health. Indeed, the National Academy of Science go so far as stating that that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. The problem with hard water is that it cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see. Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove. There are two types of water hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, being present in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2, as indicated by the following equation: HCO3- (aq) ? H2O (l) + CO2 (g). Because bicarbonate can be removed it is classified as temporary hardness. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-2. Because boiling cannot eliminate this type of hardness, the water is said to be permanently hard. The table below shows the degree of hardness of the water in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration in ppm and grains. Hardness rating Soft Medium Hard Hard Very Hard Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L or ppm) 0 75 75 to 150 150 to 300 300 and greater Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon) 0 to 5. 2 5. 2 to 10. 5 10. 5 to 21 21 and greater Permanent hardness is usually determined by titrating it with a standard solution of ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. The EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions. This causes water to soften, but the metal ions however, are not removed from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions so that the ions do not precipitate to form soap scum. EDTA is a versatile chelating agent. A chelating agent is a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion. Chelating agents are multidentate ligands. A ligand is a substance that binds with a metal ion to form a complex ion. Multi-dentate ligands are many clawed, holding onto the metal ion to form a very stable complex. EDTA can form four or six bonds with a metal ion. It is frequently used in soaps and detergents because it forms complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. The ions in hard water are bound to the EDTA and cannot interfere with the cleaning action of the soap or detergent. EDTA is also used in foods. Certain enzymes are responsible for food spoilage. EDTA is used to remove metal ions from these enzymes. It is used to promote color retention in dried bananas, beans, chick peas, canned clams, pecan pie filling, frozen potatoes and canned shrimp. It is used to improve flavor retention in canned carbonated beverages, beer, salad dressings, mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces. It inhibits rancidity in salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and salad spreads. In this lab you will be asked to determine the total permanent hardness. EDTA grabs all the metal ions in the water, not just the Ca2+ ions. This gives us a value that is not truly the concentration of Ca2+ ions. This causes an experimental error of about 1%, which is acceptable due to the fuzzy endpoints in this type of titration. Erio-T indicator or Eriochrome Black-T indicator is used in this titration. When it is chelated or acidifies, it produces a Pink-Red solution. When it is not chelated and under basic conditions it is Blue. The three pictures show the end point in this titration. There is a 1-drop difference of 0. 01 M EDTA between the first and second pictures and between the second and third pictures. Two or three seconds were allowed for colors in the second and third pictures to develop after adding the additional drop. In each case the solution was thoroughly mixed. This color change from wine red to violet to blue is due to the compact nature of the complex. Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution PROCEDURE Modified 9/2012 1. Dry Na2H2EDTA. 2H2O (FM 372. 24) at 80 ° C for 1 h and cool in the desiccator. Accurately weigh out ~ 0. 6 g and dissolve it with heating in 400 mL of water in a beaker. Cool to room temperature pour into a 500-mL volumetric flask. , mix and dilute to the mark. 2. You should practice finding the end point several times by adding a little tap water in a clean beaker and titrating with EDTA. Save a solution at the end point to use as a color comparison for other titrations. 3. Pipet a 1-mL sample of unknown into a 250-mL flask and fill to the mark with deionized water. Mix thoroughly. From this 250-mL stock solution draw 4, 50mL aliquot samples and place each aliquot in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks. To each sample, add 3 mL of pH 10 buffer and 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator. To the first 50-ml solution, titrate with EDTA from a 50-mL buret and note when the color changes from wine red to blue. 4. Repeat the titration with the next three samples to find an accurate value of the total Ca2+ concentration. Perform a blank titration with 50 mL of distilled water and subtract the value of the blank from each result. 5. Upon completion of the experiment, discard all solution in a chemical waste bottle and wash out the glassware. Be sure to dry your buret in the upside down position. _________________________________________________________ Calculations – Analysis: Analyte Ca2+ The reaction of Ca2+ ions with H2EDTA2- takes place with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio: Ca2+ + EDTA2- ? At the end point of the titration, 1-equivalent of Ca2+ reacts with one equivalent of H2EDTA2-. 1 eqv Ca2+ = 1 eqv H2EDTA2-; equivalent Ca2+ = [H2EDTA2-] †¢ Vol EDTA CaH2EDTA. Recall that the analyte (we call this unknown solution) was prepared by taking exactly 1-mL of the unknown solution and diluting in a 250-mL volumetric flask (we will call this the stock solution) 50-mL aliquot (call this the analyte) of this solution was then titrated against EDTA. Note that the analyte concentration is equal to the stock solution concentration. The mass Ca2+ in 1 mL aliquot unknown: Mass of Ca2+ in 50mL Sample = H 2EDTA2? $ †¢ Vol EDTA $ = mol H 2EDTA2- = mol Ca2+in 50mL Analyte # % # % Mass of Ca2+ in 1mL of unknown = mol Ca2+ ? 250mL aliquot Ca2+ __ g Ca2+ ? 50mL Analyte mol ? ? Dilution Factor Atomic mass Ca Mass of Ca2+ in 1 L solution: Mass Ca2+ in 1 L = mass Ca2+ in 1 mL Aliquot †¢ 1000 mL 1 mL Concentration of unknown by percent (m:v), parts per hundred (m:v) and Molarity (M): Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used % Ca2+ m:v = †¢100 ppm Ca2+ m:v = Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used †¢106 Molarity Ca2+ = mass Ca2+ in 1mL †¢ 1 mol Ca __g Ca ? ? ? molar mass Ca †¢ 1 Volume in L of unknown Aliquot used Mass in grams of calcium carbonate unknown in 1L solution: Mass CaCO 3 in 1-L = mass ppt (g) †¢ 1 mol CaC 2O 4 †¢H 2O __ g CaC 2O 4 †¢H 2O ? molar mass CaC O †¢H O 2 4 2 †¢ 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaC 2O 4 †¢H 2O 1 mol CaCO 3 Vol in L of aliquot ? ? ? ? Molar mass CaCO 3 †¢ __ g CaCO 3 †¢ 1L Dilution Factor Statistical Analysis – 1. Report the mean, medium, standard deviations (s), relative standard deviation (RSD), variance (s2) and the 95% confidence interval for your results. 2. 3. 4. Apply the student’s t test at the 95% confidence interval Apply a Q-test to any suspected result. Confidence interval = x + ts n 5. Compare the results of this experiment to the previous experiment, Gravimetric determination of Ca. Apply the Comparison of Means with Student’s t, Case2 (p76) Comparing Replicate Measurements. Do the two methods agree within the 95% confidence interval? â‚ ¬ Test for Outlier Apply a Grubb’s Test and Q-Test for any suspected outliers at 95 % level. See page 83 of text for critical values for 95% confidence. If your results show an anomalous data then use the Q-test to determine if the result should be rejected. Q= (Suspected Value Nearest Value) (Suspected Value Furthest Value) G calc = | Questionable value x| s Table of Data, Results and Statistical Analysis: Calcium Raw Data 1. Unknown number 2 Mass of EDTA used 3 Concentration of EDTA 4 Volume of Unknown Ca2+ Solution 5 Volume EDTA during titration 6 Volume EDTA for blank trials 7 Q-Test (95%) of any outlier Analysis and Results 8 Mass of calcium in 1-mL aliquot (Average) 9 Mass of calcium in 1-L solution (Average) 10 Conc. of calcium, %, ppm (m:v) and Molarity (Average) 11 Mass of calcium carbonate in 1-L (Average) Statistical Analysis 12 Averages and Standard deviations of all results 13 Variance, RSD and CV of all results 14 95% Confidence interval 15 ttable and tcalc for replicate measurements DiscussionThe goal of this experiment was to determine the â€Å"hardness† of the unknown sample by calculating the concentration of calcium ions in an analyte solution. Correcting for dilution factors, the concentration of calcium in the unknown in g/L is to be determined and compared to analysis for calcium by EDTA titration. Statistical analysis is applied to the results. A discussion of this experiment should include the accuracy and precision of this experiment compared to the EDTA titration method. An analysis of a comparison of replicated measurement is performed and discussed. Table of results should include Include in your summary table the following: i) Moles of Ca2+ in the unknown and the average equivalent value. ii) Concentration of [Ca2+ ] in the unknown in molarity, ppm and g/L iv) Mean, standard deviations, RSD and CV for each of the above concentration units. v) Student’s t at the 95% confidence interval vi) Application of a G and Q-test to any suspected result at the 95% level. vii) ttable, tcalc, Conclusion on comparison of replicated measurements. . Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Modified 9/2012 Sample data table. Sample Unknown # ______ Mass Na2EDTA, (g) Molarity Na2EDTA, (M) Vol. unknown, (ml) Buret Volinitial, (ml) Buret Volfinal, (ml) Volume EDTA used, (ml) Vol EDTA for blank, (ml) Corrected Col EDTA, (ml) Trial 1 Mass Ca2+ in 1 ml aliquot (g) Mass Ca2+ in 1-L solution (g) Concentration Ca (%) Concentration Ca (ppm) Molarity Ca2+, unknown (M) Mass calcium carbonate in 1L Q and G Test for Outliner CaCO3 (g/L), unknown Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average Std dev Variance RSD , CV 95% CL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank Student’s t Analysis: Comparing replicate measurements Analysis A: CaCO3 (g/L) 1 2 3 4 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Avg Avg X1bar X2bar Sqrt ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2)) (xi-x1)^2 deg freedom Spooled Expt 2 Expt 3 Ex2 (Xi-Xbar)^2 Ex3 (Xi-Xbar)^2 T calc t table Conclusion T calc ? T table, at 95%, two result are (not) considered to be different EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution. # 1 2 CRITERIA (Tentative point distribution may change depending on experiment) Quiz / Homework [NONE} Introduction and Procedures A. Introduction †¢ Objective of Expt. †¢ Background information. †¢ Math relationship used in study. B. Procedures †¢ Outline of procedures in Expt. †¢ Flow chart pictorial of procedures. Procedural changes. †¢ Information (data) to be recorded during experiment. (to be presented in Table form. ) †¢ Safety and disposal information. This portion of the report should be turned in before the start of lab class (prelab discussion). Data, Observe. , Results and Calc. C. Data and Observation †¢ Data in table form. detailed observations written in the table. All data entry should contain the proper number of significant figures and units. Data should always be recorded in an organize fashion. †¢ Balance chemical equations; all chemical reaction which occurred during an experiment should be written in this section. Then it should also be written in the discussion portion of the report. This portion of the report should be turned in before you leave the laboratory. Calculations Results D. Calculations †¢ Sample calculation shown with Excel spreadsheet available with formulas shown †¢ Statistical analysis of data and result. Avg, Std dev, RSD, CV E. Results †¢ Summary of Result(s) in table form. In this section accuracy of results is very important as well as detailed calculation showing how the result was obtain. Unknown will also be included in this section. Discussion / Conclusions and Post-Lab Questions F. Discussion (Talking points) †¢What is your final result in this experiment. Are the four trials consistent with each other? If not what would account for the inconsistencies? How did the results in this experimental result compare to the result in experiment 2? Is your result for the amount of calcium carbonate in your unknown within the range of 10 – 25 g/L? Elaborate on this. What is the average amount of calcium in tap water, how much more higher is this unknown compared to the average content in tap water (express in %). G. Conclusion †¢ Summary of the goal of the experiment and how that goal was achieved in the experiment. H. Post-lab questions or Editorial comment †¢ What did you learn in this experiment? What skills in lab practice did you develop through this expt? This portion (Calculation and Discussion) is turned in at the beginning of class of the due-date Overall Presentation (of lab notebook) †¢ Lab technique during experiment; example are, class preparation, safety glasses precautions and leaving the laboratory clean. †¢ Report presentation: examples are the headings of each report that includes name, title, lab partner, date and section #, witness signature. Legibility of report. Is the report easy to read or is important information jotted down by small print in the corners of the lab report. The overall impression is important. Lab Technique †¢ Safety: wear goggles, handle chemicals with caution, proper handling of lab equipment †¢ Leave lab clean and tidy Score ______/10 _______ Student’s t ____/5 pts % Score 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 Unknown __________% Error Total (This total may be adjusted depending on lab technique and student conduct in the experiment) 50